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The suppressor-mutator element and the evolutionary riddle of transposons Fedoroff NVGenes Cells 1999[Jan]; 4 (1): 11-9This review focuses on the epigenetic control of the maize Suppressor-mutator (Spm) transposon and the evolutionary origin of epigenetic mechanisms. Methylation of the Spm promoter prevents transcription and transposition, and the methylation of the adjacent GC-rich sequence renders the inactive state heritable. Spm encodes an epigenetic activator, TnpA, one of the two Spm-encoded transposition proteins. TnpA can reactivate an inactive, methylated Spm both transiently and heritably, and it is also a transcriptional repressor of the unmethylated Spm promoter. Features common to epigenetic mechanisms in general suggest that they originated as a means of decreasing the recombinogenicity of duplicated sequences.|*Evolution, Molecular[MESH]|*Plant Proteins[MESH]|DNA Transposable Elements/*genetics[MESH]|DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics[MESH]|Gene Duplication[MESH]|Gene Expression Regulation[MESH]|Methylation[MESH]|Models, Genetic[MESH]|Plants, Genetically Modified[MESH]|Repressor Proteins/genetics[MESH]|Suppression, Genetic/*genetics[MESH] |
