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Mitochondrial calcium signalling and cell death: approaches for assessing the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in apoptosis Hajnoczky G; Csordas G; Das S; Garcia-Perez C; Saotome M; Sinha Roy S; Yi MCell Calcium 2006[Nov]; 40 (5-6): 553-60Local Ca(2+) transfer between adjoining domains of the sarcoendoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) and mitochondria allows ER/SR Ca(2+) release to activate mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake and to evoke a matrix [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)](m)) rise. [Ca(2+)](m) exerts control on several steps of energy metabolism to synchronize ATP generation with cell function. However, calcium signal propagation to the mitochondria may also ignite a cell death program through opening of the permeability transition pore (PTP). This occurs when the Ca(2+) release from the ER/SR is enhanced or is coincident with sensitization of the PTP. Recent studies have shown that several pro-apoptotic factors, including members of the Bcl-2 family proteins and reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate the Ca(2+) sensitivity of both the Ca(2+) release channels in the ER and the PTP in the mitochondria. To test the relevance of the mitochondrial Ca(2+) accumulation in various apoptotic paradigms, methods are available for buffering of [Ca(2+)], for dissipation of the driving force of the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake and for inhibition of the mitochondrial Ca(2+) transport mechanisms. However, in intact cells, the efficacy and the specificity of these approaches have to be established. Here we discuss mechanisms that recruit the mitochondrial calcium signal to a pro-apoptotic cascade and the approaches available for assessment of the relevance of the mitochondrial Ca(2+) handling in apoptosis. We also present a systematic evaluation of the effect of ruthenium red and Ru360, two inhibitors of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake on cytosolic [Ca(2+)] and [Ca(2+)](m) in intact cultured cells.|Animals[MESH]|Apoptosis/*physiology[MESH]|Calcium Channels/drug effects/metabolism[MESH]|Calcium Signaling/*physiology[MESH]|Calcium/*metabolism[MESH]|Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism[MESH]|Mitochondria/*physiology[MESH]|Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism[MESH]|Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore[MESH]|Sarcoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism[MESH] |
