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Review article: acidity and volume of the refluxate in the genesis of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms Sifrim D; Mittal R; Fass R; Smout A; Castell D; Tack J; Gregersen HAliment Pharmacol Ther 2007[May]; 25 (9): 1003-17BACKGROUND: A number of mechanisms, other than acid reflux, may be responsible for the symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. AIM: To assess the importance of non-acid reflux mechanisms. METHODS: This review is based on presentations and discussion at a workshop, where specialists in the field analysed data relating to these mechanisms. RESULTS: Weakly acidic reflux, pH (4-7), detected with impedance-pHmetry is associated with regurgitation and atypical gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms. It is not clear whether pepsin and trypsin can elicit symptoms, but bile can elicit heartburn. The magnitude of reflux-induced oesophageal distension can be determined by high frequency ultrasonography and is not reduced by proton pump inhibition, suggesting that persisting symptoms 'on' a proton pump inhibitor may still be due to oesophageal distension by non-acidic reflux. Exaggerated longitudinal muscle contraction can induce non-acid-related heartburn. Preliminary studies showed a positive effect of baclofen, surgery or endoscopic procedures to reduce weakly acidic reflux. CONCLUSION: Mechanisms other than acid reflux are involved in some of the symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Controlled outcome studies are needed to clarify their roles and the indications for antireflux procedures in patients with persistent symptoms whilst 'on' a proton pump inhibitor.|Ambulatory Care/methods[MESH]|Cough/etiology[MESH]|Gastric Acid/*physiology[MESH]|Gastric Acidity Determination[MESH]|Gastroesophageal Reflux/drug therapy/*etiology/surgery[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Hydrogen-Ion Concentration[MESH]|Proton Pump Inhibitors[MESH] |
