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The role of insulator elements in large-scale chromatin structure in interphase Dorman ER; Bushey AM; Corces VGSemin Cell Dev Biol 2007[Oct]; 18 (5): 682-90Insulator elements can be classified as enhancer-blocking or barrier insulators depending on whether they interfere with enhancer-promoter interactions or act as barriers against the spreading of heterochromatin. The former class may exert its function at least in part by attaching the chromatin fiber to a nuclear substrate such as the nuclear matrix, resulting in the formation of chromatin loops. The latter class functions by recruiting histone-modifying enzymes, although some barrier insulators have also been shown to create chromatin loops. These loops may correspond to functional nuclear domains containing clusters of co-expressed genes. Thus, insulators may determine specific patterns of nuclear organization that are important in establishing specific programs of gene expression during cell differentiation and development.|Animals[MESH]|Chromatin/*chemistry/genetics/*physiology[MESH]|Gene Expression Regulation/genetics/physiology[MESH]|Insulator Elements/*physiology[MESH]|Interphase/*physiology[MESH]|Models, Molecular[MESH]|Protein Conformation[MESH]|Protein Folding[MESH] |