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Outcomes of patients hospitalized with community-acquired, health care-associated, and hospital-acquired pneumonia Venditti M; Falcone M; Corrao S; Licata G; Serra PAnn Intern Med 2009[Jan]; 150 (1): 19-26BACKGROUND: Traditionally, pneumonia has been classified as either community- or hospital-acquired. Although only limited data are available, health care-associated pneumonia has been recently proposed as a new category of respiratory infection. "Health care-associated pneumonia" refers to pneumonia in patients who have recently been hospitalized, had hemodialysis, or received intravenous chemotherapy or reside in a nursing home or long-term care facility. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the epidemiology and outcome of community-acquired, health care-associated, and hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults hospitalized in internal medicine wards. DESIGN: Multicenter, prospective observational study. SETTING: 55 hospitals in Italy comprising 1941 beds. PATIENTS: 362 patients hospitalized with pneumonia during two 1-week surveillance periods. MEASUREMENTS: Cases of radiologically and clinically assessed pneumonia were classified as community-acquired, health care-associated, or hospital-acquired and rates were compared. RESULTS: Of the 362 patients, 61.6% had community-acquired pneumonia, 24.9% had health care-associated pneumonia, and 13.5% had hospital-acquired pneumonia. Patients with health care-associated pneumonia had higher mean Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores than did those with community-acquired pneumonia (3.0 vs. 2.0), were more frequently malnourished (11.1% vs. 4.5%, and had more frequent bilateral (34.4% vs. 19.7%) and multilobar (27.8% vs. 21.5%) involvement on a chest radiograph. Patients with health care-associated pneumonia also had higher fatality rates (17.8% [CI, 10.6% to 24.9%] vs. 6.7% [CI, 2.9% to 10.5%]) and longer mean hospital stay (18.7 days [CI, 15.9 to 21.5 days] vs. 14.7 days [CI, 13.4 to 15.9 days]). Logistic regression analysis revealed that depression of consciousness (odds ratio [OR], 3.2 [CI, 1.06 to 9.8]), leukopenia (OR, 6.2 [CI, 1.01 to 37.6]), and receipt of empirical antibiotic therapy not recommended by international guidelines (OR, 6.4 [CI, 2.3 to 17.6]) were independently associated with increased intrahospital mortality. LIMITATIONS: The number of patients with health care-associated pneumonia was relatively small. Microbiological investigations were not always homogeneous. The study included only patients with pneumonia that required hospitalization; results may not apply to patients treated as outpatients. CONCLUSION: Health care-associated pneumonia should be considered a distinct subset of pneumonia associated with more severe disease, longer hospital stay, and higher mortality rates. Physicians should differentiate between patients with health care-associated pneumonia and those with community-acquired pneumonia and provide more appropriate initial antibiotic therapy.|*Outcome Assessment, Health Care[MESH]|Aged[MESH]|Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use[MESH]|Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy/*epidemiology[MESH]|Cross Infection/drug therapy/*epidemiology[MESH]|Delivery of Health Care/*standards[MESH]|Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions[MESH]|Female[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Italy/epidemiology[MESH]|Long-Term Care[MESH]|Male[MESH]|Nursing Homes[MESH]|Pneumonia, Bacterial/drug therapy/*epidemiology[MESH]|Prospective Studies[MESH]|Renal Dialysis/adverse effects[MESH]|Risk Factors[MESH] |
