Warning: Undefined variable $zfal in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\mlpefetch.php on line 525
Deprecated: str_replace(): Passing null to parameter #3 ($subject) of type array|string is deprecated in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\mlpefetch.php on line 525
Warning: Undefined variable $sterm in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\mlpefetch.php on line 530
Warning: Undefined variable $sterm in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\mlpefetch.php on line 531
 
English Wikipedia
Nephropedia Template TP (
Twit Text
DeepDyve
Pubget Overpricing |  
lüll
Gram-negative endotoxin: an extraordinary lipid with profound effects on eukaryotic signal transduction Raetz CR; Ulevitch RJ; Wright SD; Sibley CH; Ding A; Nathan CFFASEB J 1991[Sep]; 5 (12): 2652-60The lipid A domain of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a unique, glucosamine-based phospholipid that makes up the outer monolayer of the outer membrane of most gram-negative bacteria. Because of its profound pharmacological effects on animal cells, especially those of the immune system, lipid A is also known as endotoxin. Despite decades of earlier work, the precise chemistry of endotoxins and the biochemical pathways for their enzymatic synthesis have been elucidated only within the past 5 years. In this review, we summarize the essentials of endotoxin biochemistry and also present recent experiments aimed at identifying surface receptors, signal-transducing elements, transcriptional factors, and key intracellular targets involved in the response of animal cells to endotoxins.|*Eukaryotic Cells[MESH]|*Gram-Negative Bacteria[MESH]|*Signal Transduction[MESH]|Endotoxins/chemistry/*pharmacology[MESH]|Gene Expression Regulation[MESH]|Macrophages/physiology/ultrastructure[MESH]|Molecular Structure[MESH]|Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism[MESH] |
