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Bisphosphonate and nonbisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: a review Almazrooa SA; Woo SBJ Am Dent Assoc 2009[Jul]; 140 (7): 864-75BACKGROUND: The term "osteonecrosis of the jaw" (ONJ) is used almost synonymously with the term "bisphosphonate-associated ONJ." However, necrosis of the jawbones leading to exposure of bone is associated with other factors. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED: The authors conducted a literature search using PubMed to identify original research articles and case reports that described oral conditions and associated factors that result in sequestrum formation and bone exposure. RESULTS: After reviewing conditions that may lead to necrosis of the jawbones, the authors divided the causes of ONJ into the following conditions: systemic medication use; radiation; bacterial, viral and deep fungal infections; direct chemical toxicity; trauma; idiopathy; and other etiologies. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Clinicians should take a careful history when evaluating patients with ONJ because ONJ may result from one or more factors.|Bone Density Conservation Agents/*adverse effects[MESH]|Diagnosis, Differential[MESH]|Diphosphonates/*adverse effects[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Infections/*complications/microbiology/pathology/virology[MESH]|Jaw Diseases/chemically induced/*etiology/pathology[MESH]|Osteonecrosis/chemically induced/*etiology/pathology[MESH]|Osteoradionecrosis/pathology[MESH] |