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Cancer-preventive activities of tocopherols and tocotrienols Ju J; Picinich SC; Yang Z; Zhao Y; Suh N; Kong AN; Yang CSCarcinogenesis 2010[Apr]; 31 (4): 533-42The cancer-preventive activity of vitamin E has been studied. Whereas some epidemiological studies have suggested a protective effect of vitamin E against cancer formation, many large-scale intervention studies with alpha-tocopherol (usually large doses) have not demonstrated a cancer-preventive effect. Studies on alpha-tocopherol in animal models also have not demonstrated robust cancer prevention effects. One possible explanation for the lack of demonstrable cancer-preventive effects is that high doses of alpha-tocopherol decrease the blood and tissue levels of delta-tocopherols. It has been suggested that gamma-tocopherol, due to its strong anti-inflammatory and other activities, may be the more effective form of vitamin E in cancer prevention. Our recent results have demonstrated that a gamma-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols inhibits colon, prostate, mammary and lung tumorigenesis in animal models, suggesting that this mixture may have a high potential for applications in the prevention of human cancer. In this review, we discuss biochemical properties of tocopherols, results of possible cancer-preventive effects in humans and animal models and possible mechanisms involved in the inhibition of carcinogenesis. Based on this information, we propose that a gamma-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols is a very promising cancer-preventive agent and warrants extensive future research.|Animals[MESH]|Anticarcinogenic Agents/*pharmacology[MESH]|Antioxidants/pharmacology[MESH]|Apoptosis/drug effects[MESH]|Case-Control Studies[MESH]|Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors/pharmacology[MESH]|Female[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Male[MESH]|Neoplasms/prevention & control[MESH]|Reactive Nitrogen Species/metabolism[MESH]|Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism[MESH]|Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/drug effects[MESH]|Tocopherols/metabolism/*pharmacology[MESH]|Tocotrienols/*pharmacology[MESH] |
