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Autophagy, immunity and human disease Heath RJ; Xavier RJCurr Opin Gastroenterol 2009[Nov]; 25 (6): 512-20PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To give an overview of autophagy and its effects on innate and adaptive immunity and touch on some of the roles of autophagy in disease. RECENT FINDINGS: Precise regulation of autophagy is necessary to maintain metabolic equilibrium, immune homeostasis, delineate cell fate and influence host cell responses to cytosolic pathogens. A growing number of studies have implicated that inactivation of autophagy-selective responses contributes to inflammatory disorders, neurodegeneration and cancer, but the precise steps at which disease-associated autophagy-related (ATG) genes affect autophagy pathways is unknown at present. SUMMARY: In eukaryotic cells autophagy is constitutively active at low levels, whereas significant up-regulation occurs in response to a multitude of stresses. Autophagy has achieved notoriety as a perturbed biological process in many disease states and an exponential increase of studies attribute roles for autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity. Understanding how individual disease-associated ATG genes function will lead to a better understanding of and potentially novel therapies for treating the diseases in which they are involved.|Adaptation, Biological[MESH]|Animals[MESH]|Antigen Presentation/immunology[MESH]|Autophagy-Related Proteins[MESH]|Autophagy/genetics/*immunology[MESH]|Carrier Proteins/immunology[MESH]|Crohn Disease/*immunology[MESH]|Cytoprotection/immunology[MESH]|Eukaryotic Cells/cytology[MESH]|GTP-Binding Proteins/immunology[MESH]|Homeostasis/immunology[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Immunity, Innate/*immunology[MESH] |
