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From the discovery of the circulation of the blood to the first steps in hemorheology: part 2 Martins e Silva JRev Port Cardiol 2009[Dec]; 28 (12): 1405-39In the second and last part of this article, the contributions of two more brilliant figures are described in two sections, A and B, respectively Marcello Malpighi and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. Through the originality of their work, both confirmed the pioneer William Harvey's observations and went on to add important details. Malpighi applied the optical microscope, until then used almost exclusively as a mere curiosity, to the in vitro study of the body tissues of various species. Outstanding among these pioneering observations was the visualization, for the first time, of capillary structures and blood corpuscles, on the basis of which he defined the composition of blood and, also for the first time, the concept of its fluidity. Furthermore, Malpighi confirmed the structural and functional continuity of the systemic circulation, which Harvey had been unable to demonstrate. Although van Leeuwenhoek lacked an academic education, he was able to see, through lenses he built himself, the microscopic details of the organic and inorganic world around him. Among numerous detailed observations of all types of substances, particularly important were the insights that he obtained into the nature of blood and red blood cells, to which he attributed the color of arterial and venous blood. He calculated the size of erythrocytes with striking accuracy. He was able to distinguish arterial from venous blood, confirmed the heart's function as the force behind the propulsion of the blood through the arteries and of the rhythmic nature of the pulse, and elucidated the return of the blood to the heart by different vessels, the veins. He visualized the bifurcation of the arteries into increasingly narrow vessels until they gave way to capillary networks, which in turn became successively wider venous channels. Van Leeuwenhoek demonstrated the existence of arterial-venous anastomoses. He discovered erythrocyte sedimentation and deformability (their shape varying from the original discoid or oval form, observed in larger vascular segments, to flat forms, adapted to the diameter of narrower vessels). In the process he defined the characteristics of red cell circulation and the alterations that follow blood coagulation, and was thus a perceptive pioneer of the concepts of hemorheology applied to medicine.|Animals[MESH]|Blood Circulation/*physiology[MESH]|Cardiovascular System/anatomy & histology[MESH]|Hemorheology/*physiology[MESH]|Humans[MESH] |
