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Physiology of the upper segment, body, and lower segment of the esophagus Miller L; Clave P; Farre R; Lecea B; Ruggieri MR; Ouyang A; Regan J; McMahon BPAnn N Y Acad Sci 2013[Oct]; 1300 (ä): 261-277The following discussion on the physiology of the esophagus includes commentaries on the function of the muscularis mucosa and submucosa as a mechanical antireflux barrier in the esophagus; the different mechanisms of neurological control in the esophageal striated and smooth muscle; new insights from animal models into the neurotransmitters mediating lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation, peristalsis in the esophageal body (EB), and motility of esophageal smooth muscle; differentiation between in vitro properties of the lower esophageal circular muscle, clasp muscle, and sling fibers; alterations in the relationship between pharyngeal contraction and relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) in patients with dysphagia; the mechanical relationships between anterior hyoid movement, the extent of upper esophageal opening, and aspiration; the application of fluoroscopy and manometry with biomechanics to define the stages of UES opening; and nonpharmacological approaches to alter the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ).|Esophagogastric Junction/*physiology[MESH]|Esophagus/*physiology[MESH]|Humans[MESH]|Mucous Membrane/physiology[MESH]|Muscle, Smooth/*physiology[MESH]|Peristalsis/*physiology[MESH] |
