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10.1038/nn.4173 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1038/nn.4173 C4696912!4696912!26595651     free     free     free Warning: imagejpeg(C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\phplern\26595651.jpg): Failed to open stream: No such file or directory in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 117       Nat+Neurosci 2016 ; 19 (1): 117-26 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=26595651|t=2016. Mesolimbic Dopamine Signals the Value of Work |pdf=|usr=}}{{26595651}} gab.com Text Mesolimbic Dopamine Signals the Value of Work JO: Nat Neurosci http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=26595651 #FOAvip Dopamine cell firing can encode errors in reward prediction, providing a learning signal to guide future behavior. Yet dopamine is also a key modulator of motivation, invigorating current behavior. Existing theories propose that fast (?phasic?) dopamine fluctuations support learning, while much slower (?tonic?) dopamine changes are involved in motivation. We examined dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens across multiple time scales, using complementary microdialysis and voltammetric methods during adaptive decision-making. We first show that minute-by-minute dopamine levels covary with reward rate and motivational vigor. We then show that second-by-second dopamine release encodes an estimate of temporally-discounted future reward (a value function). We demonstrate that changing dopamine immediately alters willingness to work, and reinforces preceding action choices by encoding temporal-difference reward prediction errors. Our results indicate that dopamine conveys a single, rapidly-evolving decision variable, the available reward for investment of effort, that is employed for both learning and motivational functions. Twit Text FOAVip Mesolimbic Dopamine Signals the Value of Work ????Nat Neurosci http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=26595651 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=26595651 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|26595651}}</ref> Mesolimbic Dopamine Signals the Value of Work #MMPMID26595651 Hamid AA; Pettibone JR; Mabrouk OS; Hetrick VL; Schmidt R; Vander Weele CM; Kennedy RT; Aragona BJ; Berke JD Nat Neurosci 2016[Jan]; 19 (1): 117-26 PMID26595651show ga Dopamine cell firing can encode errors in reward prediction, providing a learning signal to guide future behavior. Yet dopamine is also a key modulator of motivation, invigorating current behavior. Existing theories propose that fast (?phasic?) dopamine fluctuations support learning, while much slower (?tonic?) dopamine changes are involved in motivation. We examined dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens across multiple time scales, using complementary microdialysis and voltammetric methods during adaptive decision-making. We first show that minute-by-minute dopamine levels covary with reward rate and motivational vigor. We then show that second-by-second dopamine release encodes an estimate of temporally-discounted future reward (a value function). We demonstrate that changing dopamine immediately alters willingness to work, and reinforces preceding action choices by encoding temporal-difference reward prediction errors. Our results indicate that dopamine conveys a single, rapidly-evolving decision variable, the available reward for investment of effort, that is employed for both learning and motivational functions. äMesolimbic Dopamine Signals the Value of Work (epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing