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Molecular biology of bladder cancer #MMPMID25836928
Martin-Doyle W; Kwiatkowski DJ
Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2015[Apr]; 29 (2): 191-203 PMID25836928show ga
Many detailed studies of the molecular pathogenesis of bladder cancer have been published during the past three decades, identifying important roles for many of the classic cancer pathways in bladder cancer development. Nonetheless, recent large scale mutational and expression analyses in bladder cancer made possible by next generation sequencing and other new techniques have uncovered multiple genes and pathways important for bladder cancer development, many of which were previously unknown. Genes involved in cell cycle control, chromatin regulation, and receptor tyrosine and PI 3-kinase-mTOR signaling pathways are commonly mutated in muscle-invasive bladder cancer, and most cancers have involvement of more than one of these pathways. In addition, expression-based analyses have enabled identification of two distinct types of bladder cancer, basal and luminal, that are similar to those same subsets of breast cancer, and have prognostic and therapeutic significance. These observations are leading to a number of novel therapeutic approaches in bladder cancer, providing optimism for therapeutic progress in the near future.