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ADAR1 Limits RIG-I RNA Detection and Suppresses IFN Production Responding to Viral and Endogenous RNAs #MMPMID25172485
Yang S; Deng P; Zhu Z; Zhu J; Wang G; Zhang L; Chen AF; Wang T; Sarkar SN; Billiar TR; Wang Q
J Immunol 2014[Oct]; 193 (7): 3436-45 PMID25172485show ga
Type I interferons (IFNs) play central roles in innate immunity; however, overproduction of IFN can lead to immunopathology. Here, we demonstrate that adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1), an RNA-editing enzyme induced by interferon, is essential for cells to avoid inappropriate sensing of cytosolic RNA in an inducible knockout cell model ? the primary mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) derived from ADAR1 lox/lox & Cre-ER mice, as well as in HEK293 cells. ADAR1 suppresses viral and cellular RNA detection by RIG-I through its RNA binding rather than its RNA editing activity. DsRNA binds to both ADAR1 and RIG-I, but ADAR1 reduces RIG-I RNA binding. In the absence of ADAR1, cellular RNA stimulates type I IFN production without viral infection or exogenous RNA stimulation. Moreover, we showed in the ADAR1 inducible knockout mice that ADAR1 gene disruption results in a high level IFN production in neuronal tissues ? the hallmark of Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome (AGS), a heritable autoimmune disease recently found to be associated with ADAR1 gene mutations. In summary, this study found that ADAR1 limits cytosolic RNA sensing by RIG-I through its RNA binding activity; therefore, ADAR1 suppresses type I IFN production stimulated by viral and cellular RNAs. These results explain why loss of ADARA1 causes IFN induction and also indicates a mechanism for the involvement of ADAR1 in autoimmune diseases such as AGS.