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Ultrasensitivity Part II: Multisite phosphorylation, stoichiometric inhibitors, and positive feedback #MMPMID25440716
Ferrell JE; Ha SH
Trends Biochem Sci 2014[Nov]; 39 (11): 556-69 PMID25440716show ga
In this series of reviews we are examining ultrasensitive responses, the switch-like input-output relationships that contribute to signal processing in a wide variety of signaling contexts. In the first part of this series we examined one mechanism for generating ultrasensitivity, zero-order ultrasensitivity, where the saturation of two converting enzymes allows the output to switch from low to high over a tight range of input levels. In this second installment, we focus on three conceptually distinct mechanisms for ultrasensitivity: multisite phosphorylation, stoichiometric inhibitors, and positive feedback. We also examine several related mechanisms and concepts, including cooperativity, reciprocal regulation, coherent feedforward regulation, and substrate competition, and provide several examples of signaling processes where these mechanisms are known or are suspected to be applicable.