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10.1021/tx900147g http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1021/tx900147g C4452948!4452948!19610654     free     free     free Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 211.6 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 245.2 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 245.2 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 245.2 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 245.2 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Deprecated: Implicit conversion from float 245.2 to int loses precision in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 534 Warning: imagejpeg(C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\phplern\19610654.jpg): Failed to open stream: No such file or directory in C:\Inetpub\vhosts\kidney.de\httpdocs\pget.php on line 117       Chem+Res+Toxicol 2009 ; 22 (9): 1499-508 Nephropedia Template TP {{tp|p=19610654|t=2009. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF 4-HYDROXY-2-NONENAL AND ACROLEIN TOXICITY: NUCLEOPHILIC TARGETS AND ADDUCT FORMATION |pdf=|usr=}}{{19610654}} gab.com Text MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF 4-HYDROXY-2-NONENAL AND ACROLEIN TOXICITY: NUCLEOPHILIC TARGETS AND ADDUCT FORMATION JO: Chem Res Toxicol http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=19610654 #FOAvip Acrolein and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) are by-products of lipid peroxidation and are thought to play central roles in various traumatic injuries and disease states that involve cellular oxidative stress; e.g., spinal cord trauma, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease. In this Commentary, we will discuss the chemical attributes of acrolein and HNE that determine their toxicities. Specifically, these aldehydes are classified as type-2 alkenes and are characterized by an ?,?-unsaturated carbonyl structure. This structure is a conjugated system that contains mobile pi electrons. The carbonyl oxygen atom is electronegative and can promote the withdrawal of mobile electron density from the ? carbon atom causing regional electron deficiency. Based on this type of electron polarizability, both acrolein and HNE are considered to be soft electrophiles that preferentially form 1,4-Michael type adducts with soft nucleophiles. Proteomic, quantum mechanical and kinetic data will be presented indicating that cysteine sulfhydryl groups are the primary soft nucleophilic targets of acrolein and HNE. This is in contrast to nitrogen groups on harder biological nucleophiles such as lysine or histidine residues. The toxicological outcome of adduct formation is not only dependent upon residue selectivity, but also the importance of the targeted amino acid in protein function or structure. In attempting to discern the toxicological significance of a given adduct, we will consider the normal roles of cysteine, lysine and histidine residues in proteins and the relative merits of corresponding adducts in the manifestations of diseases or toxic states. Understanding the molecular actions of acrolein and HNE could provide insight into many pathogenic conditions that involve initial cellular oxidative stress and could, thereby, offer new efficacious avenues of pharmacological defense. Twit Text FOAVip MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF 4-HYDROXY-2-NONENAL AND ACROLEIN TOXICITY: NUCLEOPHILIC TARGETS AND ADDUCT FORMATION ????Chem Res Toxicol http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=19610654 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=19610654 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|19610654}}</ref> MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF 4-HYDROXY-2-NONENAL AND ACROLEIN TOXICITY: NUCLEOPHILIC TARGETS AND ADDUCT FORMATION #MMPMID19610654 LoPachin RM; Gavin T; Petersen DR; Barber DS Chem Res Toxicol 2009[Sep]; 22 (9): 1499-508 PMID19610654show ga Acrolein and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) are by-products of lipid peroxidation and are thought to play central roles in various traumatic injuries and disease states that involve cellular oxidative stress; e.g., spinal cord trauma, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease. In this Commentary, we will discuss the chemical attributes of acrolein and HNE that determine their toxicities. Specifically, these aldehydes are classified as type-2 alkenes and are characterized by an ?,?-unsaturated carbonyl structure. This structure is a conjugated system that contains mobile pi electrons. The carbonyl oxygen atom is electronegative and can promote the withdrawal of mobile electron density from the ? carbon atom causing regional electron deficiency. Based on this type of electron polarizability, both acrolein and HNE are considered to be soft electrophiles that preferentially form 1,4-Michael type adducts with soft nucleophiles. Proteomic, quantum mechanical and kinetic data will be presented indicating that cysteine sulfhydryl groups are the primary soft nucleophilic targets of acrolein and HNE. This is in contrast to nitrogen groups on harder biological nucleophiles such as lysine or histidine residues. The toxicological outcome of adduct formation is not only dependent upon residue selectivity, but also the importance of the targeted amino acid in protein function or structure. In attempting to discern the toxicological significance of a given adduct, we will consider the normal roles of cysteine, lysine and histidine residues in proteins and the relative merits of corresponding adducts in the manifestations of diseases or toxic states. Understanding the molecular actions of acrolein and HNE could provide insight into many pathogenic conditions that involve initial cellular oxidative stress and could, thereby, offer new efficacious avenues of pharmacological defense. äMOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF 4-HYDROXY-2-NONENAL AND ACROLEIN TOXICITY: NUC(epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing