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Grainyhead-like 2 Reverses the Metabolic Changes Induced by the Oncogenic Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition: Effects on Anoikis #MMPMID27084311
Farris JC; Pifer PM; Zheng L; Gottlieb E; Denvir J; Frisch SM
Mol Cancer Res 2016[Jun]; 14 (6): 528-38 PMID27084311show ga
Resistance to anoikis is a pre-requisite for tumor metastasis. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) allows tumor cells to evade anoikis. The wound healing regulatory transcription factor Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) suppresses/reverses EMT, accompanied by suppression of the cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype and by re-sensitization to anoikis. Here, the effects of GRHL2 upon intracellular metabolism in the context of reversion of the EMT/CSC phenotype, with a view toward understanding how these effects promote anoikis sensitivity were investigated. EMT enhanced mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. While this was accompanied by higher accumulation of superoxide, the overall level of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) declined, due to decreased hydrogen peroxide. Glutamate Dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1) expression increased in EMT, and this increase, via the product ?-ketoglutarate (?-KG), was important for suppressing hydrogen peroxide and protecting against anoikis. GRHL2 suppressed GLUD1 gene expression, decreased ?-KG, increased ROS and sensitized cells to anoikis.Implications: These results demonstrate a mechanistic role for GRHL2 in promoting anoikis through metabolic alterations.