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10.1038/s41598-017-00217-5 http://scihub22266oqcxt.onion/10.1038/s41598-017-00217-5 C5427979!5427979!28325898     free     free     free Warning: file_get_contents(https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=28325898&cmd=llinks): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! 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Experimental evidence suggests that specular reflectance and glossy appearance help amplify warning signals |pdf=|usr=}}{{28325898}} gab.com Text Experimental evidence suggests that specular reflectance and glossy appearance help amplify warning signals JO: Sci Rep http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28325898 #FOAvip Specular reflection appears as a bright spot or highlight on any smooth glossy convex surface and is caused by a near mirror-like reflectance off the surface. Convex shapes always provide the ideal geometry for highlights, areas of very strong reflectance, regardless of the orientation of the surface or position of the receiver. Despite highlights and glossy appearance being common in chemically defended insects, their potential signalling function is unknown. We tested the role of highlights in warning colouration of a chemically defended, alpine leaf beetle, Oreina cacaliae. We reduced the beetles? glossiness, hence their highlights, by applying a clear matt finish varnish on their elytra. We used blue tits as predators to examine whether the manipulation affected their initial latency to attack, avoidance learning and generalization of warning colouration. The birds learned to avoid both dull and glossy beetles but they initially avoided glossy prey more than dull prey. Interestingly, avoidance learning was generalized asymmetrically: birds that initially learned to avoid dull beetles avoided glossy beetles equally strongly, but not vice versa. We conclude that specular reflectance and glossiness can amplify the warning signal of O. cacaliae, augmenting avoidance learning, even if it is not critical for it. Twit Text FOAVip Experimental evidence suggests that specular reflectance and glossy appearance help amplify warning signals ????Sci Rep http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28325898 #FOAvip Twit Text # Free Paper on # # # # # LINK http://www.kidney.de/pget.php?&tw=1&pmid=28325898 #FOAvip English Wikipedia <ref>{{Cite pmid|28325898}}</ref> Experimental evidence suggests that specular reflectance and glossy appearance help amplify warning signals #MMPMID28325898 Waldron SJ; Endler JA; Valkonen JK; Honma A; Dobler S; Mappes J Sci Rep 2017[]; 7 (ä): ä PMID28325898show ga Specular reflection appears as a bright spot or highlight on any smooth glossy convex surface and is caused by a near mirror-like reflectance off the surface. Convex shapes always provide the ideal geometry for highlights, areas of very strong reflectance, regardless of the orientation of the surface or position of the receiver. Despite highlights and glossy appearance being common in chemically defended insects, their potential signalling function is unknown. We tested the role of highlights in warning colouration of a chemically defended, alpine leaf beetle, Oreina cacaliae. We reduced the beetles? glossiness, hence their highlights, by applying a clear matt finish varnish on their elytra. We used blue tits as predators to examine whether the manipulation affected their initial latency to attack, avoidance learning and generalization of warning colouration. The birds learned to avoid both dull and glossy beetles but they initially avoided glossy prey more than dull prey. Interestingly, avoidance learning was generalized asymmetrically: birds that initially learned to avoid dull beetles avoided glossy beetles equally strongly, but not vice versa. We conclude that specular reflectance and glossiness can amplify the warning signal of O. cacaliae, augmenting avoidance learning, even if it is not critical for it. äExperimental evidence suggests that specular reflectance and glossy ap(epmc).pdf DeepDyve Pubget Overpricing